https://github.com/robotframework/QuickStartGuide/archive/master.zip
2. The recommended approach to install Robot Framework on Python is using pip.
開啟命令提示字元，用pip安裝robotframework
pip install robotframework
3. This demo is written using reStructuredText markup language with Robot Framework test data in code blocks.
開啟命令提示字元，用pip安裝docutils
pip install docutils
4-1. 開啟命令提示字元，執行測試robot QuickStart.rst
4-2. If you use Robot Framework 2.9 or older, instead of the
robot command you need to use pybot:但如果你的Robot Framework版本舊於2.9，可以用pybot來執行QuickStart.rst
pybot QuickStart.rst
5. You can also configure the execution with various command line options:
在執行的同時，可以另存一份自己命名的log檔
robot --log custom_log.html --name Custom_Name QuickStart.rst----------------以下為程式碼相關說明----------------
Test cases
Workflow tests
Robot Framework test cases are created using a simple tabular syntax. For example, the following table has two tests:
- User can create an account and log in
- User cannot log in with bad password
*** Test Cases ***
User can create an account and log in
Create Valid User fred P4ssw0rd
Attempt to Login with Credentials fred P4ssw0rd
Status Should Be Logged In
User cannot log in with bad password
Create Valid User betty P4ssw0rd
Attempt to Login with Credentials betty wrong
Status Should Be Access Denied
Notice that these tests read like manual tests written in English rather than like automated test cases. Robot Framework uses the keyword-driven approach that supports writing tests that capture the essence of the actions and expectations in natural language.
Test cases are constructed from keywords and their possible arguments. The syntax requires that keywords and arguments, as well as settings and their values, are separated by at least two spaces or by a tab character. It is generally recommended to use four spaces to make the separator more explicit, and in some cases aligning arguments or other values may make the data easier to understand. For more details about the syntax see Robot Framework User Guide.
Higher-level tests
Test cases can also be created using only high-level keywords that take no positional arguments. This style allows using totally free text which is suitable for communication even with non-technical customers or other project stakeholders. This is especially important when using the acceptance test-driven development (ATDD) approach or any of its variants and created tests act also as requirements.
Robot Framework does not enforce any particular style for writing test cases. One common style is the given-when-thenformat popularized by behavior-driven development (BDD):
*** Test Cases ***
User can change password
Given a user has a valid account
When she changes her password
Then she can log in with the new password
And she cannot use the old password anymore
Data-driven tests
Quite often several test cases are otherwise similar but they have slightly different input or output data. In these situations data-driven tests allows varying the test data without duplicating the workflow. With Robot Framework the
[Template]setting turns a test case into a data-driven test where the template keyword is executed using the data defined in the test case body:*** Test Cases ***
Invalid password
[Template] Creating user with invalid password should fail
abCD5 ${PWD INVALID LENGTH}
abCD567890123 ${PWD INVALID LENGTH}
123DEFG ${PWD INVALID CONTENT}
abcd56789 ${PWD INVALID CONTENT}
AbCdEfGh ${PWD INVALID CONTENT}
abCD56+ ${PWD INVALID CONTENT}
In addition to using the
[Template] setting with individual tests, it would be possible to use the Test Template setting once in the setting table like setups and teardowns are defined in this guide later. In our case that would ease creating separate and separately named tests for too short and too long passwords and for other invalid cases. That would require moving those tests to a separate file, though, because otherwise the common template would be applied also to other tests in this file.
Notice also that the error messages in the above example are specified using variables.
Keywords
Test cases are created from keywords that can come from two sources. Library keywords come from imported test libraries, and so called user keywords can be created using the same tabular syntax that is used for creating test cases.
Library keywords
All lowest level keywords are defined in test libraries which are implemented using standard programming languages, typically Python or Java. Robot Framework comes with a handful of test libraries that can be divided to standard libraries, external libraries and custom libraries. Standard libraries are distributed with the core framework and included generic libraries such as
OperatingSystem, Screenshot and BuiltIn, which is special because its keywords are available automatically. External libraries, such as Selenium2Library for web testing, must be installed separately. If available test libraries are not enough, it is easy to create custom test libraries.
To be able to use keywords provided by a test library, it must be taken into use. Tests in this guide need keywords from the standard
OperatingSystem library (e.g. Remove File) and from a custom made LoginLibrary (e.g. Attempt to login with credentials). Both of these libraries are imported in the setting table below:*** Settings ***
Library OperatingSystem
Library lib/LoginLibrary.py
User keywords
One of the most powerful features of Robot Framework is the ability to easily create new higher-level keywords from other keywords. The syntax for creating these so called user-defined keywords, or user keywords for short, is similar to the syntax that is used for creating test cases. All the higher-level keywords needed in previous test cases are created in this keyword table:
*** Keywords ***
Clear login database
Remove file ${DATABASE FILE}
Create valid user
[Arguments] ${username} ${password}
Create user ${username} ${password}
Status should be SUCCESS
Creating user with invalid password should fail
[Arguments] ${password} ${error}
Create user example ${password}
Status should be Creating user failed: ${error}
Login
[Arguments] ${username} ${password}
Attempt to login with credentials ${username} ${password}
Status should be Logged In
# Keywords below used by higher level tests. Notice how given/when/then/and
# prefixes can be dropped. And this is a comment.
A user has a valid account
Create valid user ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD}
She changes her password
Change password ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD} ${NEW PASSWORD}
Status should be SUCCESS
She can log in with the new password
Login ${USERNAME} ${NEW PASSWORD}
She cannot use the old password anymore
Attempt to login with credentials ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD}
Status should be Access Denied
User-defined keywords can include actions defined by other user-defined or library keywords. As you can see from this example, user-defined keywords can take parameters. They can also return values and even contain FOR loops. For now, the important thing to know is that user-defined keywords enable test creators to create reusable steps for common action sequences. User-defined keywords can also help the test author keep the tests as readable as possible and use appropriate abstraction levels in different situations.
Variables
Defining variables
Variables are an integral part of Robot Framework. Usually any data used in tests that is subject to change is best defined as variables. Syntax for variable definition is quite simple, as seen in this variable table:
*** Variables ***
${USERNAME} janedoe
${PASSWORD} J4n3D0e
${NEW PASSWORD} e0D3n4J
${DATABASE FILE} ${TEMPDIR}${/}robotframework-quickstart-db.txt
${PWD INVALID LENGTH} Password must be 7-12 characters long
${PWD INVALID CONTENT} Password must be a combination of lowercase and uppercase letters and numbers
Variables can also be given from the command line which is useful if the tests need to be executed in different environments. For example this demo can be executed like:
robot --variable USERNAME:johndoe --variable PASSWORD:J0hnD0e QuickStart.rst
In addition to user defined variables, there are some built-in variables that are always available. These variables include
${TEMPDIR} and ${/} which are used in the above example.Using variables
Variables can be used in most places in the test data. They are most commonly used as arguments to keywords like the following test case demonstrates. Return values from keywords can also be assigned to variables and used later. For example, the following
Database Should Contain user keyword sets database content to ${database} variable and then verifies the content using BuiltIn keyword Should Contain. Both library and user keywords can return values.*** Test Cases ***
User status is stored in database
[Tags] variables database
Create Valid User ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD}
Database Should Contain ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD} Inactive
Login ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD}
Database Should Contain ${USERNAME} ${PASSWORD} Active
*** Keywords ***
Database Should Contain
[Arguments] ${username} ${password} ${status}
${database} = Get File ${DATABASE FILE}
Should Contain ${database} ${username}\t${password}\t${status}\n
Organizing test cases
Test suites
Collections of test cases are called test suites in Robot Framework. Every input file which contains test cases forms a test suite. When executing this guide, you see test suite
QuickStart in the console output. This name is got from the file name and it is also visible in reports and logs.
It is possible to organize test cases hierarchically by placing test case files into directories and these directories into other directories. All these directories automatically create higher level test suites that get their names from directory names. Since test suites are just files and directories, they are trivially placed into any version control system.
Setups and teardowns
If you want certain keywords to be executed before or after each test, use the
Test Setup and Test Teardown settings in the setting table. Similarly you can use the Suite Setup and Suite Teardown settings to specify keywords to be executed before or after an entire test suite.
Individual tests can also have a custom setup or teardown by using
[Setup] and [Teardown] in the test case table. This works the same way as [Template] was used earlier with data-driven tests.
In this demo we want to make sure the database is cleared before execution starts and that every test also clears it afterwards:
*** Settings ***
Suite Setup Clear Login Database
Test Teardown Clear Login Database
Using tags
Robot Framework allows setting tags for test cases to give them free metadata. Tags can be set for all test cases in a file with
Force Tags and Default Tags settings like in the table below. It is also possible to define tags for a single test case using [Tags] settings like in earlier User status is stored in database test.*** Settings ***
Force Tags quickstart
Default Tags example smoke
When you look at a report after test execution, you can see that tests have specified tags associated with them and there are also statistics generated based on tags. Tags can also be used for many other purposes, one of the most important being the possibility to select what tests to execute. You can try, for example, following commands:
robot --include smoke QuickStart.rst robot --exclude database QuickStart.rst
Creating test libraries
Robot Framework offers a simple API for creating test libraries using either Python or Java, and the remote library interface allows using also other programming languages. Robot Framework User Guide contains detailed description about the library API.
As an example, we can take a look at
LoginLibrary test library used in this demo. The library is located at lib/LoginLibrary.py, and its source code is also copied below. Looking at the code you can see, for example, how the keyword Create User is mapped to actual implementation of method create_user.import os.path
import subprocess
import sys
class LoginLibrary(object):
def __init__(self):
self._sut_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
'..', 'sut', 'login.py')
self._status = ''
def create_user(self, username, password):
self._run_command('create', username, password)
def change_password(self, username, old_pwd, new_pwd):
self._run_command('change-password', username, old_pwd, new_pwd)
def attempt_to_login_with_credentials(self, username, password):
self._run_command('login', username, password)
def status_should_be(self, expected_status):
if expected_status != self._status:
raise AssertionError("Expected status to be '%s' but was '%s'."
% (expected_status, self._status))
def _run_command(self, command, *args):
command = [sys.executable, self._sut_path, command] + list(args)
process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
self._status = process.communicate()[0].strip()
----------------以上為程式碼相關說明----------------
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